ATAHUALPA / ATAWALLPA (1502-1533) - PERU
İnka İmparatorluğu'nun 13. ve son imparatoru. Bir iç savaş sonucunda ölen babası Huayna Capac ve onun büyük üvey kardeşi Huascar'ın öldürmesi üzerine imparator olmuştur. İspanyolların İnka ülkesine gelmesiyle, Francisco Pizarro tarafından boğularak öldürtülmüştür. Onun ölümüyle 300 yıllık Inka medeniyeti de son bulmuştur.
ATAHUALPA / ATAWALLPA - PERU
The 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Was the younger son of Inca ruler Huayna Capac. At Huayna's death, the kingdom was divided between his sons. This lead to a bloody civil war, which Atahualpa won in 1532. Before he could celebrate, he was captured by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro. Atahualpa paid an immense ransom in gold, but dies by strangulation at the hands of Francisco Pizarro's Spanish conquistadors. His death marked the end of 300 years of Inca civilization.
The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under Francisco Pizarro and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the Inca Empire led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin.
In 1529, Francisco Pizarro obtained permission from the Spanish Monarchy to conquer the land they called Peru. According to historian Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Peru is not a Quechuan nor Caribbean word, but Indo-Hispanic or Hybrid.
PERU vol I
by William H.Prescott
an American historian and Hispanist - pdf:
PERU vol II
by William H.Prescott
an American historian and Hispanist - pdf:
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| Atahualpa, Fourteenth Inca, Oil on Canvas, 1750 and 1800, Brooklyn Museum |
KIZILDERİLİLER NASIL YOK EDİLDİ
Bartolome de Las Casas
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Güney Amerika’nın en eski uygarlığı CARAL ;
5000 yaşında, 3.600 yıl önce doğal afetler sonucu yok oldu...
İnka uygarlığından 44 asır önce var olan Caral-Supe, piramitleriyle, tarım teraslarıyla, ev ve tören yerleriyle 620 hektarlık bir alana yayılmış. Antik kenti 15 yıl önce yeniden keşfeden Perulu arkeolog Ruth Shady, Caral-Supe toplumunun, Peru’nun sahil, dağlık bölgelerinden ve Amazon’dan gelen insanların karışımdan oluştuğunu belirtiyor.
Shady’ye göre, Caral-Supe uygarlığı astronomi, tıp ve mühendislik alanlarında çok ileriydi ve geçimini balıkçılık ve sulak tarımdan sağladı. Arkeolog, uygarlığın, kendisinden sonra gelen İnka uygarlığını etkilediğini ve Caral dilinin İnkaların konuştu quechua dilinin atası olduğunu söylüyor.
"1500 yıl sürmüş bu gelişmiş ve müreffeh uygarlığın 3600 yıl önce yok oluşunu nasıl izah edebiliriz?" diye soran Shady, Amerikan üniversiteleriyle birlikte yürüttüğü araştırmalara dayanarak, doğal afetler zincirinin uygarlığı yok etmiş olmasının en kuvvetli ihtimal olarak görüldüğünü söyledi. Araştırmacılar, toprak kaymalarına neden olan 7-8 büyüklüğünde bir depremin ve başka depremlerin, Carl-Supe piramitlerinde meydana gelen eğilme ve hasarlara yol açtığını saptadılar.
Shady, depremde kopan parçaların daha sonra El Nino kasırgasının yol açtığı şiddetli yağış sonucu meydana gelen sel baskınları tarafından sürüklendiğini ifade etti. Shady, "Daha sonraları, tortu ve kum sürükleyen rüzgarlar ve iki nesli etkileyen kuraklık tarımı kötü etkilemiş ve Caral halkı için bölge yaşanmaz hale gelmiş" dedi. Araştırmacılar, Caral-Supe antik kentinin daha keşfedilecek birçok sırrı bulunduğunu açıkladılar.
Antik kentte araştırma yapan arkeologlardan Luis Miranda, "Kentte nekropol (mezarlık) bulamadık, araştırmaya devam ediyoruz, çünkü bir nekropol bulursak, uygarlık ile ilgili birçok soruya yanıt bulacağız" dedi.
UNESCO tarafından 2009 da Dünya Mirası listesine alındı.
Radiocarbon dates from the ancient city of Caral,
in the Supe Valley of Peru 23 km from the coast,
show that monumental architecture there was under construction
as early as 2627 B.C.
And until about 2000 B.C.,
even before ceramics and maize were introduced to the region.
(By comparison, the Great Pyramid of Khufu in Egypt was built between 2600 and 2480 B.C.)
documentary:
The Lost Pyramids Of Caral
This 5,500-year-old monument, recently uncovered about 206 miles northwest of Lima, Peru, is part of what could be the oldest settlement in the Americas. The circular space, built of stones and adobe, was probably a social and religious gathering area, says German archaeologist Peter Fuchs, who led the dig’s excavation team. This find and others nearby (including the ancient city of Caral and a 3,600-year-old adobe carving of a human sacrifice) are rewriting history by showing that the Americas had booming civilizations at the same time that Mesopotamia was thriving half a world away.
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The Caral Figurines
Found in the pyramid called La Huanca
Archaeologists in the Supe valley have found over 150 figurines, all made of unbaked clay from 5 to 11 cm in height. link
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| KOLONİ DÖNEMİ KIYAFETLER - GÜNEY AMERİKA KITASI |
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| Machu Picchu / PERU |
IN THE WONDERLAND OF PERU
By Hiram Bingham / Director of the Expedition / BOOK
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| Petroglyphs Of Peru: Fine Art Mantle Rock Landscapes |
Checta Petroglyphs / PERU
THE CHECTA ROCK ART PETROGLYPHS OF PERU
"IN THE ANDEAN WORLD FOR EXAMPLE ,
YOU SEE A HILL, A HIGH HILL,
THIS IS "APU" .. IT IS MALE..."
Chimú Textile , 12th–15th century
Peru
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| Embroidered Mantle Fragment ,Ca. 15th century, Paracas Necropolis Culture, Pisco, South Coast, Peru , Woven fiber |
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| MATINGA WOMEN - PERU |
Detail of a textile from Nazca, Peru, AD 1-500
Embroidered Mantle Fragment
3rd–2nd century BCE
Peru Culture: Paracas
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| An ancient textile from the Paracas culture of Perú depicting a figure in axe headdress surrounded by Huachuma plants. |
Animal Ornament, Moche Culture
390–450
Peru
Copper Mace Head
200 BCE–200 CE
Peru
Portrait Head Bottle, 5th–6th century
Peru; Moche
Types of Machu Picchu Pottery - Hiram Bingham - link
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| Moche Pottery Standing Female Northern Peru,Ca 300 to 500 CE. |
Bead, 3rd–6th century ,Gold
Peru Culture
ANDES MOUNTAINS
The Andes Mountains are the longest mountain chain in the world. They stretch along the entire west coast of South America from Cape Horn to Panama, a distance of 4,500 miles. Only the Himalaya Mountains and their adjacent ranges such as the Hindu Kush are higher than the Andes range. Many Andean peaks rise over 20,000 feet (6,096 m.). It is about 500 miles across the widest part of the range. In Spanish, they are called Cordillera de los Andes, which means Andes Mountain Range.
The southern Andes are less than 10,000 feet (3.048 m.) in elevation near the southern tip of the continent. Farther north, the peaks are higher. Aconcagua (22,841 feet; 6,962 m.), the highest peak in the Americas, and one of the Seven Summits stands in Argentina, but is only about 65 miles from Santiago, Chile.
The Central Andes form the broadest part of the mountain system. Two ranges running northwest and southeast make up this section. Between these ranges lie the high plateaus of Peru and western Bolivia, such as the Altiplano Plateau. The plateaus themselves average about 12,000 feet above sea level (3,657 m.). Farther north, the two ranges come closer together. They finally join into one huge range in Ecuador. The highest peaks of the central Andes are Pissis (22,546 feet; 6,872 m.), Huascaran (22,205 feet; 6,768 m.), Illampu (20,892 feet; 6,368 m.), Sajama (21,463 feet; 6,542 m.), Illimani (21,122 feet; 6,438 m.), Chimborazo (20,565 feet; 6,268 m.) and Cotopaxi (19,347 feet; 5,897 m.).
The Northern Andes have three ranges of mountains, and most are lower than the mountains to the south. One range runs along the coast through Colombia into Panama. The central range lies between the two narrow valleys of the Cauca River and the Magdalena River. This part of the Andes includes the famous volcano of Tolima (17,060 feet; 5,200 m.). The third branch of the northern range runs northeast into Venezuela. Many peaks in the northern Andes reach 15,000 feet (4,572 m.) or more. The highest is Cristobal Colon (18,701 feet; 5,700 m.) in Colombia.
Many of these high mountains are volcanoes. Some of them are active. Glaciers cover the high peaks, even those close to the equator. The largest glaciers, however, are in southern Chile. Many of the glaciers have cut deep valleys into the rocky coastline.
The main tributaries of the mighty Amazon River begin on the eastern slopes. Two other great rivers, the Parana and the Orinoco, also have tributaries from the Andes.
The name ANDES is believed to have come from ANTI, the Quechuan word for copper. Much of this metal is found in the mountains. The Andes also contain gold, silver, tin, lead, iron, platinum, and quicksilver. Many kinds of animals live in this mountain range, including the alpaca, chinchilla, condor, huemul and llama. link
Uzmanlar And Dağları’ndaki buzulların 1970’li yıllardan bu yana yüzde 30 ila yüzde 50 oranında eridiğini açıkladı. (Cryosphere- Ocak 2013 )
Peru'dan
son İmparator ATAHUALPA...
Andes Mountains - AND Dağları...
Ulu Dağın adı APU...
SANKİ TANIDIK GİBİ ....
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| DİPNOT- SOL; PUEBLO YERLİLERİ / SAĞ; HİNDİSTAN ; BİRBİRİNDEN UZAK DİYARLARDA KÜLTÜR BİRLİĞİ... |
ilgili yazılar:
Who Brought The Mayans To Mexico? or
Were the ancient Turks, Akkads (Sumerians) and Dravidians (Tamils) the parents of Mexico and Meso-America?
By Gene D. Matlock
link
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